Jamaican Culture Essay

Probably one of the most lively and rich cultures of the world is of the Jamaican culture. It is perhaps due to its exotic surroundings and the various regions of its origin. Today in Jamaica, there are obvious influences of African, English, Spanish, and Indian. Being only the third biggest island in the Caribbean its impact is huge on the rest of the world. The official language of Jamaica is English. However, most civilians in Jamaica speak patois. Think of it as an extremely slurred accented speech of English with hints of African, Portuguese, and Spanish appearing here and there. Most of the time just knowing English will help you understand what people basically are saying. The religions in Jamaica are wide and varied. However, statistics show that over half (61.3%) of all Jamaicans are Protestant. There is also a good deal of participation in spiritual cults of not-really-defined religion (almost 35%). Religion is highly held in Jamaica and can affect from what people where to what they eat. Sometimes cults in Jamaica resort to violence against other cults. The education system in Jamaica has four basic levels: early childhood, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Presently, 703,600 of Jamaica’s estimated 2,650,000 people are enrolled in the education system. About 80% of all teachers are professionally trained. Jamaica currently holds an 85% literacy rate for total population (81% for men alone and 89% for women alone). Currently in Jamaica, only 3% of the enrolled education students are enrolled for college level education, 32% for junior high and high school level, 45% for elementary level, and 20% for ages 3-5 yrs. The majority of the people in Jamaica usually live in or near the cities in low-income housing. However, some still live rurally for agricultural purposes. There are many holidays and festive occasions in Jamaica. Jamaica’s national holiday is its Independence Day on the first Monday every august. Most of  Jamaican culture is expressed through stories, songs, and dances of important figures. Here are just a few examples of Jamaican culture. One old custom now only practiced in rural areas is that of taking the baby’s naval string cord after they are born, waiting 3 days, and burying it in the ground and planting a tree on top of the cord. Another belief is that of a mother cannot get wet the first few days after birth otherwise she will get sick and die. In Jamaica, lavish funerals are required to give respect to the dead for they will rise on the third night after their death. There are also certain characters of folklore. One is Anancy. He is the spider man known for his trickery. There is also the children’s character of Big Bwoy. In Jamaica there is also many festivals. The Gran’ Market is a pre-Christmas celebration. Obeah is a general term for black magic. Kumina is a popular ritual practiced only by certain sects for religion. Dinky-Mini is a dance and song used to help cheer up the family of a dead person. Hosay is a festival particular to Muslim/Indian sects. Most people in Jamaica have somewhat balanced diets and eat depending on religion and season. A typical breakfast is the country’s fruit, the ackee. Lunch is usually light meat or vegetables while dinner consists of goat, pork, seafood, rice, and beans. Skyjuice, coconut juice, and tea are popular drinks. Skyjuice is the American equivalent of a slushy. On average families have about two children in cities but having many more in rural areas, especially on farms. The parents usually work while the children are off attending school. In Jamaica, almost every festival has its own unique dressing design. The most popular and renowned is that of the simple plaid cotton design of Bandana. Women’s dresses are of three tiers (big ruffles) and they are known to be adorned in beads and braid their hair intricately.

A Beautiful Planet in Pakistan Essay

Planet 94 is the first 24/7 English radio frequency, entertaining listeners of Islamabad/ Rawalpindi, Lahore and Karachi with all genres of music; from Techno to Hip Hop, Grunge to Indy rock, Jazz to Metal and many others. Planet 94’s is primarily to promote quality music and to encourage and represent youth by being a platform to raise their voice and be heard. It was established in the capital in 2009 under the umbrella of Radio Pakistan. Planet 94’s is primarily subjected to the young blood. This channel is specially created for youth, for example for the universities and colleges student. If they have talent then they should come forward and show their skills. This channel is completely in English. All the programs are held in English in addition, this is the first Pakistani Radio channel which is freely available on American telephones. The programs which are run by channel they all are really very interesting and sweet to listen. All radio jockeys talk in English. Now the question arises: â€Å"Why Planet 94 is in English language?† Because English is a popular language and it is very well spoken and understood. It is the language in which there is a lot of scientific knowledge. I think English language is the national language of the world. That’s why planet 94 started its broadcasting in English. People are very much interested in this channel because it provides all the fun which people are in need of. Planet 94 also accepts feedback of their programs. Planet 94 also gives commentary of different sports for example cricket matches and football matches etc. The thing I love the most about the channel is that they call different celebrities from Hollywood and give them invitations to join the program as a guest. See more: Sleep Deprivation Problem Solution Speech Essay Most of the celebrities accept the proposals and listeners enjoy their gossips and also call them via mobile phones or PTCL when the celebrities come as a guest. As I said before that this channel is specially created for the youth of Pakistan. There are many programs which are related to youth and young boys and girls feel pleasure when they listens the programs. People get many benefits when they listening planet 94. The main advantage is improvement in English language, especially development of listening skills. English is the language that is very important for ordinary citizens as it is the mode of communication in many fields. This program provides an opportunity for the  audience to develop their skills in the English language. This channel gives proper and authentic information. Before the arrival of this Planet the people who preferred to listen to English transmission only, had lost interest in radio. But after this channel was introduced, the situation completely changed and people once again begin to lend their ears to radio broadcasting. The programs which are shown by planet 94 are unique and different and the names of the programs are Celebrity at 10, Club Fanatics, Soothing Sundays, Party Starter, The awakening, the break, night creatures, these all programs are wonderful programs. People listen to radio on their cell phones and also on internet. In the end I would like to say that may God give more success to this channel and it may flourish more.

The Impact of Globalization on the Economy

The impact of globalization on the economy Globalization is one of the main features of modern society. Today it covers almost all spheres of human activity, and its influence becomes more and more obvious. To talk about the effects of globalization, it is necessary to understand its nature and the factors, sources, which led to its emergence. Today majority of scientists agree that economic globalization â€Å"is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods, service, technology, and capital†.There are several sources of globalization. The first factor is technological advances. E-mail, the Internet, and the World Wide Web have significantly lowered the costs of transportation and communication in international trade and in doing business by and large. Next reason of globalization is trade liberalization that has led to more liberal world trading system. And finally source of globaliza tion is creating globalized media, the arts, and popular culture with the widespread use of the English language for global communication.Of course there is not a complete list of the factors of globalization, but in my opinion, those mentioned sources are the most important. Globalization has significant impacts on all economies of the world, with various effects. There are heated debates around positive and negative effects of globalization. Leading pro-globalization arguments make a strong case that globalization is simply the industrial revolution that rationalizes economic activity everywhere. For instance, it affects countries’ production of goods and services.It also affects investment, both in physical capital and in human capital. It also has major effects on efficiency, productivity and competitiveness. On the other hand, scientists consider about so-called paradox of globalization: in many cases, the gap between the rich and the poor is increasingly widening. An ar rival of foreign companies and foreign capital creates a reduction of unemployment and poverty; however it can also increase the wage gap between well-educated, skilled workers and those who are not. In the short term, some of the poor will become poorer.The arrival of foreign companies into developing countries increases employment in many sectors. But those foreign companies arrive with the new technology, which extends across the country. Automation, especially in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors reduces the need for unskilled laborers. As a result, employment rate in these sectors falls. To sum up, globalization is a complex process that works in various ways and has different effects. In my opinion, some solutions are needed to reduce negative impacts of globalization and to find happy medium between developed and developing countries.

LM3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LM3 - Assignment Example The major characteristics that make it difficult to define leadership include; people from both public and private organization barely know the components of leadership whether it exist or it doesn’t. According to Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, p-189 â€Å"leadership is becoming one of the most widely debated but least clearly understood concepts† Secondly people have not yet understood that leadership has become so dynamic whereby, society has been described as â€Å"highly turbulent subject to sudden and dramatic shift† (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp-189). Thirdly, people have not yet understood leadership requires corporation among all the concern parties, whereby, according to Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp-190, â€Å"Moreover, clients or citizens also want to participate, as well they should†. Additionally, lack some aspect of creativity and innovativeness with respect to leadership style has made it quite challenging to define leaders hip (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp-190-192). This is because leadership style that may be applied in a particular organization may not be effective in another organization. Additionally, different organizations have different structures and may require different leadership styles (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp-189-195). In above connection, future leadership is more of a shared process because current leadership was build based on the past leadership theories. This is according to Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, p-190 â€Å"we need to understand how leadership has been studied and practiced in the past†. Therefore, through past leadership, future leadership can have a reference point as well as a fundamental base of formulating the appropriate leadership styles to be applied in future organizations (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp 189-192). However, it is important to consider that â€Å"leadership is changing in many ways, and we should be attentive to those changes† (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp-190). In above connection, it can be scrutinized that, â€Å"In the past, a leader was considered the person who held a formal position of power in an organization or a society† (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, p-190). However, through evolution of leadership, people have come to understand that leadership is a process that requires corporation and integration among all people within and outside the organization (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp190-193).Additionally, leadership has taken a certain angle, whereby, decision makers should not only involve people from top management but should also involve those from lower levels of management (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp 190-195).This is because when everybody is involved in decision making, people feel that they own those decision(Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp 190-195 2. How to our text authors define â€Å"moral imagination†? When is this t o be used? Why? What does it involve? The author has employed the concept of moral imagination to explain what moral leadership entails as well as moral issues. According to Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp 224-225, moral imagination entails â€Å"not just heightening attention to moral con-cerns, but rather carefully and thoughtfully understanding and evaluating

Challenge facing the electric utility industry Scholarship Essay

Challenge facing the electric utility industry - Scholarship Essay Example As stated by the American Council For an Energy Efficient Economy, spending of various utilities in the United States has increased from $1.6 billion in 2006 to around $5.9 billion. Reserves from energy efficiency programs amounted to close to 22.9 million MWh in 2011. This was a 20% increase from 2010. Energy efficiency programs have been supported by utilities as they are cheaper than building power lines and plants. Electric sales are not increasing because many businesses and individuals are using solar panels. According to the Interstate renewable Energy Council, in 2008, photovoltaic installations increased from around 1,000 MW to 7,250 MW. These installations are reducing electric sales. Usage of solar is expected to increase as the prices are dropping. Over the years, demand growth on improved efficiency has been reducing. According to the Energy Information Administration, they expect demand to grow in the United States by 0.9% only yearly through 2040. Consumption of electricity reduced when Americas economy was in recession. Utilities in the U.S. are spending billions in new transmission lines and pollution control projects. An increase in demand growth would assist the utilities in spreading the costs across an increasing customer base. Howland, Ethan. â€Å"The four greatest challenges utilities face in 2014.† Utility Dive. 9 December 2013. Web. 10 March. 2015.

Public schools of Washington DC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public schools of Washington DC - Essay Example It has three major objectives: Objective 1 The first objective is to ensure development of effective leadership within the development team of the program which would comprise of members from Woodson Foundation, Public School and NCPIE. Each organization has diverse interests but is united in its goal of improving students’ academic performance and learning. The leader should be able to motivate team members to develop common goals and collective decision making. The leadership therefore, becomes a major element that is able to empower members to make decisions based on informed choices and encourages cross cultural understanding and mutual respect. It thereby, exploits personal traits of the team members for optimal performance outcome. Objective 2 Teams perform best when adequate resources line finance, infrastructure, skill etc are available to them. Hence, leaders must ensure availability of resources. In this case, he must create two steering committees: one would oversee development of educational leaders, training and development and teaching curricula; the second would help to ensure management of the program vis-a-vis meet the financial and infrastructural need of the program. The team members should be judiciously selected so that team has technical expertise and managerial skill to identify problems and evolve solutions through mutual consensus.

Euthanasia sholud be lgalised in the uk'.discuss this statemnt giving Essay

Euthanasia sholud be lgalised in the uk'.discuss this statemnt giving arguments on both sides of the debeate - Essay Example In the United States, individuals such as Dr. Jack Kevorkian popularized the practice, gaining significant media attention in the process; still, it must be mentioned that even as Kevorkian gained some mainstream acceptance, he was ultimately convicted for his actions. While euthanasia is illegal in all countries of the United Kingdom, there remains considerable controversy over this legal stance. While both the British Medical Association and the Church of England oppose euthanasia, the majority of the British public is in favor of legalization (Whiting 2002, p. 42). Considering the both sides of the debate, this essay examines whether euthanasia should be legalized in the United Kingdom. A variety of medical and legal contexts have also investigated the notion of euthanasia. Originally, the NHS indicates that euthanasia was originally prohibited in the United Kingdom in 1961 (‘Euthanasia and assisted suicide’, 2012). Currently this act makes contributing to suicide pun ishable by up to fourteen years in prison. While euthanasia is outlawed in the United Kingdom there are a variety of grey areas wherein end of life issues come to the foreground. Prominently the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) implemented the Liverpool Care Pathway which allows doctors to place terminally ill patients on pathway towards death. This has engendered controversy from groups indicating it has been implemented too early in life process (Doughty 2012). The United Kingdom has also legally implemented some of these practices through direct patient interaction, as the Mental Capacity Act of 2005 allows individuals to establish advanced directives in the instance they become mentally capacitated (Liddle 2007, p. 94). Additionally, increased attention has been given to euthanasia of premature babies. Otherwise, however, the United Kingdom law still prohibits euthanasia in most circumstances. Within the United Kingdom, some significant medical perspe ctives in favor of euthanasia are emerging, too. For instance, in 2012, in an editorial of one of the British Medical Journal issues, the author urged the British Medical Association to drop their opposition to euthanasia (White 2012). The argument was largely advanced through natural law ethical foundations. Some of the most prominent voices against euthanasia have emerged from the religious strata of society. As Christianity remains the most dominant religion of the United Kingdom and Western society, it has significantly influenced political and legal thought (‘Ethics Guide’ 2012). The Church of England has objected to the practice of euthanasia on a variety of grounds. The Fifth Commandment states, â€Å"You shall not kill† (Catechism of the Catholic Church n.d.). While there is the understanding that committing euthanasia, if considered at an ethical level, is not directly comparable to other acts of killing, from the Christian point of view it still is a ne gative occurrence. The Catholic Catechism states: â€Å"Human life is sacred because from its beginning it involves the creative action of God and it remains forever in a special relationship with the Creator, who is its sole end. God alone is the Lord of life from its beginning until its end: no one can under any circumstance claim for himself the right directly to destroy an innocent human being†

What You learned in this class Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

What You learned in this class - Assignment Example Graduate students should use MLA style to reference their assignments. Business letter is a portrait of a company, thus it has to look distinctive and present the high quality nature of the business. Business letters have a standard format and template. The most commonly used format is the block style with text in single space and double space between paragraphs. In addition, the letter must have the sender’s address, inside address, salutation, body text, signature block and an enclosure if there is one. Research paper writer must have the objective of focusing on the research topic. The outline of the research with the thesis statement is included in the paper. The research paper should have the introduction, body, discussion and conclusion. Movie review assists the learner in understanding the artistic creation work. In addition, movie review enables the learners to be creative and establish new and improved movies. In conclusion, a good paper should have an excellent format and grammar to enhance its presentation. Formatting the paper is important in business letter writing, research paper writing and establishing a movie review. Moreover, referencing and citing all sources used are vital in avoiding plagiarism

Motion Pictures Movies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Motion Pictures Movies - Research Paper Example The rise of the Hollywood studio system was a critical stage of the movie industry. The Biography Company sent Griffith and his team of actors to the West Coast towards Georgia Street where they started shooting a film in the available vacant spaces. It is at this time that Griffith decided to explore Hollywood and decided to shoot one of his melodrama movies there. At the production of this film, it attracted a lot of attention and Griffith found Hollywood an interesting place to shoot his movies (Ragan 23-43). When many filmmakers found out about his venture, they decide to visit Hollywood to produce films. Another reason why most Filmmakers preferred to visit Hollywood is that they saw it as a cheap way to avoid the charges that Thomas Edison was charging them to make movies. After the world war, the more people from Europe visited Hollywood. Another transformation that occurred during the Hollywood studio system was the introduction of the use of sound in filmmaking (OBrien 43). While this was a positive change, the filmmakers who had learned about silent film lost popularity after this change. During the era of the studio system, the filmmakers followed the Hay production code as part of the conditions of the studio production. Those who did not comply with the Hay code had to pay heavy fines. However, the studio system ended in the early 1940s when another law emerged to separate the production of films and their exhibition. The Federal antitrust action was a new law that led to the break up the studio system and paved way for individual production (Ragan 67). Secondly, technology development opened up a new era of production in the history of American movies. The emergence of the television technology encouraged many people to pursue filming individually.

Close Reading about Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Close Reading about Poem - Essay Example . The opening of the poem, â€Å"my heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains† indicate that the mood of song is mellow (Keates Stanza 1 line 1). The author is trying to achieve the nightingale’s pure realm and escape from the troubles and darkness of the world through his drink. The nightingales’ voice sends him into a trance making him cheery and unable to focus on anything else. This is evident when he says, â€Å"Singest of summer in full-throated ease† (Keates Stanza 1 Line 10). His view of the world as a dark place is a product of his health problems and the fact that he became an orphan in his early teenage years and forced by circumstances to care for his sick brother. In as much as he is drunk, his tone is sober and enlightened. The nightingales’ songs turn his sorrow to joy and pain to pleasure. He imagines smelling flowers and drinking wine in the green country in the suns warmth and becoming one with the nightingale, â€Å"Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forget† (Stanza 3 line 1). This shows his longing of a lively, enjoyable world. He comes to his senses in the sixth stanza when the reality of his mortality hits him hard. He is attracted to the nightingales’ song and realizes that the bird is incapable of experiencing pain and comprehending the pain of death. To him the bird is immortal because many people transverse all generations and history have heard the nightingale sing. When the nightingale flies off, the speaker feels lonely and disappointed. He feels he lacks the freedom of the nightingales and yearns to come to such freedom and usefulness. Perhaps death is his release (Cunningham & Reich & Fichner 127). Finally, in understanding this poem it is noteworthy to mention that the poet composed this poem after the demise of his brother. The poem expresses the reality of the duality of human experiences using imagery and melancholy. The different

Case Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case Management - Essay Example Case management can also be referred to as program coordination or service coordination (Levine and Brill 5). Case-management is a problem-solving function which is designed to ensure progression of services by overcoming the systems rigidity, misuse of certain facilities and fragmented services (Holt 15). Case management dominates in HIV/ AIDS programs in order to ensure that both the affected and their families get access to care and other services. It is also used in other programs which include the elderly, people with chronic disabilities, teenage mothers, mental health clients, veterans, the disabled, school children, substance abusers, developmentally disabled individuals among others (Holt 140). There is a number of ways in which people can access their needs during case management. The case manager should identify the problem facing the client. This will ensure that he has understood the type of conflict that he should address. This enables him to prepare adequately in managing the case. After getting to know the type of client one is working with then, the case manager should be able to categorize the clients according to case management settings (Holt 56). These include classification according to organization, type of case manager, payment, and the case manager functions (Holt 57). The client one is working with should cooperate effectively. This is because cooperation is effective in reducing the emotional component of the conflict. As one continues dealing with the client, he or she should assess the adherence of the client to the case management procedure (Levine and Brill 34). The tests chosen for the client are supposed to be accurate enough in order to generate the required end results (Holt 67). The case manager should take his/ her time in monitoring the client’s progress. Assessment of the client is an ongoing procedure (Holt 20). During this period, the case manager should have built a solid relationship with the client. Moreover,

High School and Cousin Jimmy Essay Example for Free

High School and Cousin Jimmy Essay The day I got scared to death was my first time going to Cedar Point and going on a really big roller coaster. I was nervous. I was in the line with my cousin Jimmy and my other cousins to go on the corkscrew. My stomach started the turn I started to shake my mind was saying get out of the line but I wanted to go on my whole life. I had to go on with my cousins Michael and Jimmy instead of Olivia or Rebekah. Michael, Jimmy and I were only two people away from getting on. Then Jimmy said,† I was afraid when I went on my first roller coaster too. † Michael said,† no you weren’t† that made me laugh. That made me think that it isn’t so scary after all. Just then I heard someone say that it’s too scary. That made me wish that I never wanted to go on. We’re up next. I got in the seat with Jimmy I thought I was going to puke. At this time I was excited and scared. The seatbelt was on; there was no turning back now. The person pushed the button and we went up the very steep hill. We stopped at the top. My eyes were completely closed. My heart was pounding faster and faster. I knew my cousins in front of me so I said to them, â€Å"are you scared? † I didn’t get to hear them because by then we zipped down the coaster. I was screaming so loud I thought I was going to lose my voice. I got dizzy when we went around in circles three times. Finally the ride came to a halt. I felt relieved that it was over. I said to my self that I conquered my fear. I was happy that it was done. I still felt sick but I knew that I could do it all along. At that point I found out that my cousins also scared too! Now I can’t wait to go on the Gemini, Top Thrill Dragster, the Dragon, and the Mine Ride. I still think my cousin acted a little bit too young for their age because a high school student shouldn’t be screaming at the top of their lungs same goes with my other cousin who was in high school. Only a middle school students and third graders should scream. View as multi-pages TOPICS IN THIS DOCUMENT High school, Middle school, Cedar Point, Top Thrill Dragster, Roller coaster, English-language films, College, Debut albums RELATED DOCUMENTS high school reservation community I passed two Navajo youth leaning against the wall, one leg propped behind them for support. They wore black tee-shirts, one declaring â€Å"Indian Pride on the Rise,† the other showing a heavy metal rock group â€Å"Twisted Sister. † Both wore high topped basketball shoes and hair free flowing to their shoulders. One spoke to me. â€Å"Hey, are you the lady who is talking to dropouts? You should talk to me. Im a professional dropout. † I did. And to many others. Their 410   Words | 3   Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Philippine Science High School ? Philippine Science High School (PSHS) students topped the Project Tuklas science contest sponsored by Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation (Shell) in coordination with the Philippine Development Foundation (PhilDev) and AIESEC Philippines. â€Å"It’s something very innovative,† said Julia Alexander Chu, president of Project Tuklas organizer AIESEC University of the Philippines (UP) Diliman, referring to the project of PSHS juniors Creo Baylon, Miguel Ortega and Otto 410   Words | 6   Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT High School Football ? Coleman Weiss-Murphy Ms. Bross English 10, Hour 4 May 4, 2015 High School Football Reduce the Risk and Reap the Rewards? September 13, 2013,   was sixteen year old Damon Janes’ last football game. Why, because he was pronounced dead in a local Buffalo hospital three days after that game. His cause of death, brain damage. Janes took numerous hits to the head during a varsity football game. He seemed perfectly healthy, but in actuality, he suffered brain 410   Words | 5   Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Report: High School and Attendance Improving Attendance at Beech Grove Intermediate School: A Recommendation Report ________________________________________ Introduction Like other schools around the nation, Beech Grove Intermediate School is experiencing a serious problem with attendance. This has been cited as a problem and something that 410   Words. READ FULL DOCUMENT Successful: High School and People ? Tamera Wilson Mrs. Jenkins English IV/0091 College Prep 24 February 2014 SUCCESSFUL My standards are set high as I watch people try to bring me down each and every day. They try to tell me all the negatives things on how I’m not going to be anything. This makes me want to try harder. All my life I been struggling and stressing, that’s why I came in a pathway with aggression. Where I’m from I see nothing that can lead me to be successful in life. I had been though the 410   Words | 3   Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT. Post high school plan coach your team to do the same. 4. Conflicting Goals Sometimes we have conflicting goals in our work. For instance, one of our managers might tell us that speed is most important goal with customers. Another manager might say that in-depth, high-quality service is the top priority. Its sometimes quite difficult to reconcile the two! Whenever you set goals for your team members, make sure that those goals dont conflict with other goals set for that person, or set 410   Words | 7   Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Essays: High School what da hell let me sign up man I just want essays. Rainy day This year the summer season was unduly long and extremely hot. It was July, the schools had reopened. The scorching sun and the extreme heat had made life unbearable. Going to the school, studying in the class or playing on the ground all seemed to be a punishment. One morning, clouds . Rain is a great blessing after the summer heat. In India the scorching heat of the summer months of May and June causes 410   Words | 4   Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT First day of high school essay My First Day of High School â€Å"Beep, Beep, Beep! † 6:00 A. M my alarm clock was activated, it was time for me to get ready and prepared myself for my first day of High School as a freshman student in Piscataway Vo – Tech High School. Fear, excitement, and all of these different emotions were running through my head as I wondered how difficult high school would be, who I would sit 410   Words | 3   Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT CITE THIS DOCUMENT APA (2014, 09). High School and Cousin Jimmy.

The abnormal psychology

The abnormal psychology Abnormality has become one of the most essential components in various movies such as The Dark Knight. The researcher thinks The Dark Knight includes numerous of characters that would be diagnose with some type of psychological disorder. However, the researcher examines Batman to determine the type of psychological disorder uncovered in the movie The Dark Knight. The reason why the researcher chose to examine Batman is because not often people think of Batman as having a psychological disorder, but evidence from the movie suggests that he does have some type of mental disorder. The purpose of this paper is to gain knowledge about how psychiatrist, clinicians, and disorders analyst diagnose and treat different types of psychological disorders. The researcher will first give a brief synopsis of The Dark Knight. Next, the researcher will evaluate Batman in preparation in diagnosing him with a psychological disorder. Then, the researcher will diagnose Batman with a psychological disorder . Finally, the researcher will determine treatment options for Batman. Synopsis In the movie The Dark Knight, Batman faces his arch nemesis, the Joker. Batman along with Commissioner James Gordon and District Attorney Harvey Dent unite to take on crime on the streets of Gotham City. In the beginning, the three appears to be effective, but they soon find themselves prey to one of the Jokers diabolical plans to bring forth havoc to Gotham City. The Joker and a mob of men, wearing clown masks, break into a bank. One by one, the clowns begin to kill each other to get a larger share of the money. After each clown was killed, only one clown was left standing. This clown reveled himself as The Joker. The Joker then places a grenade into the bankers mouth and boards the bus, leaving a string attached to the pin. As The Joker leaves, the pin pops out and gas surrounded the bank. The Joker joins a long line of school buses leaving the scene as the police arrive. Later Commissioner Gordon and Batman arrive at the bank the Joker held up to inspect the scene (Newgen, 2008). Throughout the movie, The Joker went on several rampages and was able to take District Attorney Harvey Dent and his girlfriend, Officer Attorney Rachel Dawes, captive into two different locations. They both were tied up and strapped to explosives that were expected to detonate in a short amount of time. The Joker gives Batman the locations of the two, saying that he only has time to save one of them. Batman chose to go after Rachel, while Commissioner Gordon went after Harvey Dent. As Batman arrives at the address, he finds Harvey Dent instead. Prior to Batman saving Harvey Dent, a half of his face caught on fire. Meanwhile, Commissioner Gordon arrives at the other address. Before he could enter into the door, the building exploded killing Rachel (Newgen, 2008). After the death of Rachel, Harvey Dent became ruthless and took on the name Two-Face. Two-Face and The Joker teamed up for a brief segment of the movie. Two-Face seeks to uncover the identity of the cop that kidnapped Rachel. He learns that Detective Reamierz was the cop that orchestrated Rachels kidnapping. He then killed Detective Reamierz with a single shot to the head. At the same time, two large ferries were set for departure to get away from the chaos. One ferry inhabited with criminals; the other ferry packed with innocent citizens. Out of nowhere, The Jokers voice is heard from over the loudspeaker in both ferries. He informs them that each ferry is set with explosives. Each ferry has the detonator for the other ferry. The Joker threatens both the criminals and the innocents citizens that one ferry must destroy the other ferry by midnight are both ferries would be destroyed. Neither passenger of the ferries chose to use the detonator to destroy the other ferry. Just as The Jo ker was about to set the detonator, Batman fires a dart, knocking the detonator out of his hand. Batman left to find Two-Face, while the SWAT team captures the Joker (Newgen, 2008). Assessment The researcher thinks Batman is one of the greatest and darkest comic book characters ever created. Batmans alter ego, Bruce Wayne, is a multibillionaire that is the President and CEO of Wayne Enterprise. As Batman, he dedicates his life protecting Gotham from criminals. Why did Bruce Wayne turn into Batman? One must analyze the origin of Bruce Wayne. Bruce Wayne is the son of Doctor Thomas Wayne and his wife Martha Wayne. According to Batman Origins comic book, Batman experienced two events in his childhood that traumatized him for life. His first traumatic experience was when he accidentally fell into a pit below Wayne Manor. The pit leads into a cave system full of bats. For years afterwards, he would have hallucinations of a large bat repeatedly. The other tragic event happen when Bruce and his parents were walking back home from a movie. Out of nowhere, a mugger shot both his parents. The mugger ran before the authorities arrived. The families butler, Alfred Pennyworth, took in Bruce and became his legal Guardian. Since this moment, Bruce Wayne vowed to fight against crime. This is the reason why Bruce Wayne became Batman (Newgen, 2008). The investigator evaluates Batman by using a technique called naturalistic observation. The naturalistic observation is a method clinicians uses to observe clients in their everyday environments (Cramer, 2009). The researcher examines both Batman and his alter ego Bruce Wayne by observing his behavior and actions in the movie. Batman interpersonal style appears to be hostile and guarded. In the movie, Batman rarely associated with other characters. The tone of Batman voice leads the researcher to believe that he has a lot of anger built inside. As Bruce Wayne, he was seen to be sociable. He was seen escorting one of his female friends to a social gathering. An important element of the movie is Bruce Waynes turmoil over his identity. He believes that being Batman was preventing him from having a normal life. Later in the movie, he accepts that Gotham needs Batman to protect the citizens from criminals. Batman and his alter ego Bruce Wayne are intelligent and skillful. In the movie, t he researcher views both of them using advance equipment to track down criminals. The researcher tends to believes that Batman and Bruce Wayne have different emotions. Bruce Wayne frequently smiles in the movie. However, Batman rarely or never seen smiling, this perhaps is an indicator that he is never happy. Diagnosis The researcher uses the DSM-IV criteria to determining the psychological disorder Batman posses. The DSM-IV is the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA, 2002). The researcher believes Batman is suffering with comorbidity or having more than one psychological disorders occurring at the same time. The researcher diagnoses Batman with having posttraumatic stress and dissociative identity disorders. The researcher believes Batman have a serious case of posttraumatic stress disorder because of his reaction from his parents death. Post-Traumatic Stress is an anxiety problem that develops in some people after extremely traumatic events, such as an accident (APA, 2002). A person with Post-Traumatic Stress may suffer with re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoidance, reduced responsiveness, increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt. Batman often have flashbacks when he passes the scene where his parents where murdered. Often his enemies would lure him to the spot of the traumatic event. When possible, he tries to avoid the scene. Batman also feels guilty because of the death of his parents. He revenges his parents death by keeping Gotham safe from criminals (Newgen, 2008). Finally, from observing Batmans actions in the movie, the researcher believes he has dissociative identity disorder. Dissociative Identity Disorder is having two or more separate identities that may not always be aware of each others thoughts, feelings, and behavior. The symptoms for dissociative identity disorder are the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states, control of the persons behavior recurrently taken by at least two of these identities or personality states, and an inability to recall important personal information (Cramer, 2009). As mentioned before, Batman and his alter ego Bruce Wayne have two different personalities. From watching the movie, the researcher observes Batman being bitter and impatient. However, Bruce Wayne was more impassive and tranquil. Recalling Batmans history, he has experience moments of forgetting the locations of the Batcave (Newgen, 2008). Treatment A combination of cognitive and drug therapy would help with Batmans posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinicians use cognitive therapy to assist patients with identifying and changing their negative thinking of the event. According to a previous case study, cognitive therapy has three goals. The first goal is for patients to identify how the event affects their daily function. The next goal is to help the patient reduce experiencing the event. Normally, clinicians use drug therapy to reduce the occurrence of nightmares, panic attacks, and flashbacks. Along with the drug therapy, clinicians use techniques such as allowing patients to write a story to describe and elaborate on the event. The final goal is to assist patients with forgetting about certain images, in Batman case the gun used to murder his parents (Ehlers Clark, 2008). Similar to posttraumatic stress disorder, therapist uses psychotherapy to help patients with dissociative identity disorder. Clinicians usually try to help the clients recognize fully the nature of their disorder, recover the gaps in their memory, and integrate their sub-personalities into one functional personality (Hunter, 1997). Typically, therapists begin the treatment by bonding with the primary personality and then with each of the sub-personalities. To help Batman therapist would bond with Bruce Wayne because that is Batmans primary personality. Secondly, therapist would help Bruce recover missing pieces of their past. Once Bruce recalls the moments of his childhood that lead him to become Batman, the therapist would finally help him merge the different sub-personalities into a single, integrated identity or a fusion. When the two identities merges together, further therapy is needed to maintain the complete personality and to teach social and coping skills that may help prev ent later dissociations (Cramer, 2009). Conclusion After observing Batman behavior in the movie, the researcher discovers he may have posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociative identity disorder. He was diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder because he displayed the following symptoms; nightmares and flashbacks, avoidance, reduced responsiveness, and guilt from his parents murder. The reason why the researcher diagnoses Batman with dissociative identity disorder is that he displays two distinct identities or personality states and suffers from ordinary forgetfulness. The two disorders have similar treatment methods. They both aim towards changing his behavior or thinking. Clinicians uses cognitive therapy to treat posttraumatic stress disorder and uses psychotherapy to treat dissociative identity disorder. Overall, the researcher obtained a better understanding of how clinicians diagnose and treat patients. One limitation was that the movie The Dark Knight never fully captures Bruce Waynes childhood experiences that lead up to him being Batman. However, the prequel to the movie Batman Begins elaborates more on the transitions. Another limitation was, since Batman is a fictional character, the researcher was only able to use observation from watching the movie. The finally limitation was that the researcher was not able to find if Batman was currently getting treatment for his conditions. In future projects, the investigator will do further examination on Batman, to find information about his current treatment status. References APA (2002). DSM-IV-TR. (2002).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association Comer, Ronald. (2009).Fundamentals of abnormal psychology fifth edition. New York : Worth Pub. Ehlers, A., Clark, D. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder: The development of effective psychological treatments.Nordic Journal of Psychiatry,6211-18. doi:10.1080/08039480802315608. Hunter, Walter. (1997).The Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research. Washington, DC: Springer Us. Newgen, Heather. (2008, September 4).Superherohype. Retrieved from http://www.superherohype.com/news/featuresnews.php?id=7641

Evaluation of Public Health Agenda in Community: Obesity

Evaluation of Public Health Agenda in Community: Obesity Module Title: Promoting the Public Health of Populations in Specialist Community Public Health Nursing Module Code: SHN3048 Critical evaluation of the current public health agenda in relation to a health need identified within a community profile. The purpose of this assignment is to critically analyse the current public health agenda in relation to a health need identified through use of community profiling. This paper will aim to provide recommendations as to how a Specialist Community Public Health Nurse (SCPHN) can proactively address high levels of obesity identified within the Cwmbwrla ward (Appendix 1). For the benefit of the reader Cwmbwrla is a suburban area of Swansea, with good transport links to the city centre. In considering the level of deprivation Cwmbwrla is ranked 181 0f 1,909 (LSOA) in Wales (Welsh Government, 2014a). Public health in the 21st century is defined by Riegelman (2010 p4) as the totality of all evidence-based public and private efforts that preserve and prolong health and prevent disease, disability and death thus, recognising public health as a varied approach which should be viewed holistically. Health visitors are a group of specialist community public health nurses (SCPHN), skilled in delivering a proactive Public health service which relies on evidence base research to enhance health and reduce inequalities for all families with children 0-5 (Royal College of Nursing, 2011; The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2014). The current Public Health strategy in Wales aims to achieve a healthier, happier and fairer Wales, through improving health, reducing inequalities and supporting a good start in life (Public Health Wales (PHW), 2015; Welsh Assembly Government (WAG), 2010; WAG, 2011a; Welsh Government (WG), 2016). There is consistent evidence which suggests investment in the early years significantly improves the health of the child and has a positive impact on long term outcomes (Acheson,1998; Black,1980; Marmot, 2010). As a result of the reaffirmation of the public health role of the SCPHN in recent policy, it is believed that the health visitor is st rategically placed to empower individuals and positively influence the health outcomes of young children and their families (Department of Health (DoH), 2011; WG, 2012a). The four domains of SCPHN practice begin with Search for health needs (Cowley Frost, 2006), thus requiring health visitors to undertake an assessment of the populations health and well-being. A key part of this process is health needs assessment (HNA) (Nursing and midwifery Council, 2010).ÂÂ   In defining HNA, Stewart et al, (2009) suggests the purpose is to identify the health assets and need of a population in order to inform decisions regarding service delivery to improve health and reduce inequalities. Through use of HNA policies are developed and needs are prioritized across services, with the aim of targeting those in greatest need (Williams, 2013). Statistics from the profiled area of the Cwmbwrla ward (Appendix 1), identify high levels of obesity in adulthood as being a significant problem. Despite there being no local data to highlight the levels of childhood obesity specifically within the ward, research suggests a strong link between childhood obesity and obesity in later life (NHS, 2015). Findings from the child measurement program 2014-2015, recorded that 11.8% of 4-5 year olds in Swansea were obese (Public Health Wales Observatory, 2016), a trend mirrored throughout Wales, with findings from the Welsh health Survey (2011) identifying that 35% of children living in Wales were classed as overweight or obese. Obesity has fast become a global epidemic (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2003; 2016), with research suggesting that obesity is the worlds most common nutritional disorder (NICE, 2014). The 2007 Foresight report emphasized the need to tackle the problem of obesity in the United Kingdom, particularly in childhood. The prevalence of obesity in infants, children and adolescents is increasing rapidly both nationally, and internationally, which has a significant impact on both short and long term health (Hall et al, 2009; WHO, 2016 ). Exploration of the literature suggests that there are many risk factors associated with becoming overweight, with the key principles leading to obesity being laid down in childhood (WAG, 2010). Wanless (2004) and Jones et al (2005) identified that during the period of 1986-2002 weight gain in children translated to a doubling in the proportion of those classified obese.ÂÂ   Childhood obesity is becoming evident in younger ages, with studies documentin g a sizable increase in the percentage of overweight children between the ages of two and three years (Hall et al, 2009; Nelson, 2004). Studies linking overweight to psychological consequences show that obese children tend to have low self-esteem, increased rates of sadness, loneliness and are often bullied and socially excluded outside the home (Strauss,2000). Promoting healthy weight and preventing and managing obesity have become pressing public health priorities over recent years (Phillips et al 2011). The effects of addressing obesity in early childhood are not solely limited to its health benefits; improvements in the rates of obesity could potentially save the NHS millions. In Wales alone it is estimated that between 1.65 million a week is spent treating conditions linked to Obesity (PHW, 2016). Despite obesity being at the forefront of the Public health agenda within the UK, progress in tackling childhood obesity has been slow and inconsistent, with a clear lack of provision identified as a problem within Wales (WAG, 2010; WHO, 2016). It has long been recognized that socioeconomic class has a significant impact on health inequalities, with those living in the most deprived areas more at risk of becoming overweight or obese (Acheson, 1998; Black, 1980). This is of particular relevance to the Cwmbwrla ward (APPENDIX 1), which falls within the 20% most deprived areas within Wales (WG, 2014). NICE (2014) supports this, with statistics indicating that 29% of children living in the most deprived areas of Wales being overweight or obese compared to 21% in the least deprived areas. More recent findings have suggested that, despite improvements in the overall health of the general population, there continues to be significant gaps between the social classes (Dahlgren and Whitehead, 1991; Marmot, 2010). These differences have been tackled within Welsh Government policy, which aimed to target the most deprived areas of Wales, through the delivery of the Flying Start program, which promotes health and delivers intensive servi ces in areas of greatest need (WAG, 2005, 2011a; WG, 2016). While such services must be applauded for their proactive approach, it must also be considered that as a consequence of this, the availability services relies heavily on postcode (WG, 2013), resulting in many families in need being unable to access necessary support. However, more recent WG policy has identified the need to tackle inequality, and improve health outcomes for all children, delivering support in key areas to all families with children under 7, underpinned by the principle of progressive universalism (HCWP, 2016). As previously identified, the determinants of obesity are complex and varied, it is important to recognise than no single intervention is likely to prevent or improve childhood obesity alone (WHO, 2012). Availability of data is important in planning services at a local level. Collaboration, leadership and quality improvement play a leading role within WG policy (PHW, 2013; WG, 2011, 2016). These policies emphasize the importance of adopting a muti-agency approach in addressing health needs, thus, identifying the need for SCPHN to support existing programs when planning health interventions to address obesity, with the aim of strengthening current initiatives and reducing the need for later more expensive treatments (NICE, 2013). The all wales obesity pathway supports this, and sets out a multi-agency approach in targeting obesity, allowing the identification of gaps in provision and the determination of where to best focus efforts (WAG, 2010). Over recent years, the WG have invested millions on strategies targeting obesity; for example, Free swimming programme (2003), Health Challenge Wales (2005), Creating an active Wales (2009), Mend (2009), and Our healthy future (2009), despite this the number of overweight children and adults continues to rise (Mc Pherson Marsh, 2007). Research suggests it Is highly likely that obese children will have obese parents, thus indicating the possible detrimental effects of learnt behaviours in childhood such as poor eating habits (NICE,2015). The literature emphasises the need for family involvement in interventions to ensure improvements in outcomes (Public Health England, 2014). There is emerging evidence that programmes that aim to enhance parenting skills can have a positive impact on childhood obesity (Berge Everts, 2011). Therefore, within the Cwmbwrla area, a recommendation would be to build community capacity for healthy eating by setting up a 4 week weaning programme. The programme would be available to families between the 16 week clinic contact and 24 week health review as per the HCWP (2016), and will deliver education and advice within a group setting. The programme will cover topics such as, delayed weaning, healthy eating in childhood, controlling portion size and how to quickly create cheap but nutritio us meals, with the aim of encouraging behaviour change using an educational approach (Naidoo Wills, 2016). The programme would aim to build upon existing initiatives such as Change 4 Life, which has previously been judged for not fulfilling its full potential (WAG, 2014). However,ÂÂ   it is important to consider that in the past, group programmes have been criticised for failing to involve individuals and communities who are hard to reach resulting in poor engagement (PHW, 2013). A further recommendation for the Cwmbwrla ward would be the provision of Increased/intensive home visits to specific families identified during the antenatal or birth visit as being at risk of overweight or obesity. Research has indicated a correlation between parenting lifestyle and that of their children in terms of diet and physical activity (Rhee, 2008). Arguably, the most effective strategy we can employ in tackling obesity in childhood is to work with parents (Golan, Kaufman Shahar, 2006).The aim is to focus on parents and support them to making positive choices that facilitate a healthy start in life. The additional visits will enable SCPHN to facilitate behaviour change by addressing key influences such as; positive parenting, feeding behaviour and food and activities accessible within the home, while also allowing the SCPHN the flexibility toÂÂ   tailor the program specifically to the needs of the individual family. It is imperative that SCPHN are mindful that there is no one correct parenting style, it is therefore important when delivering the program not to stereotype, but to encourage a generally more authoritative approach. Delivering the program within the home will aim to address the possible barriers families experience in accessing services (PHW, 2013). To conclude, this paper has evaluated the current public health agenda in relation to high levels of obesity identified within the Cwmbwla ward, a trend mirrored throughout the UK. Findings suggest that effort needs to be invested in preventing obesity, particularly in children; targeting early intervention and encouraging and educating families to adopt a healthy varied diet and active lifestyle (NICE, 2006, 2014). Through raising awareness, and by influencing local and national policies, SCPHN can facilitate ways to combat the problem of childhood obesity and seek to change the patterns which lead to obesity and poor health in later life (Cowley Frost, 2006; WG, 2014). As a result, recommendations for practice were identified for implementation within the profiled area of Cwmbwrla. The overall aim is for SCPHN to identify, address and facilitating families to overcome the current obesity epidemic, which could potentially result in a huge gain in terms of both cost to the NHS and more importantly the health of children and the adults they become (WG, 2015). Congestive Heart Failure: Causes, Types and Symptons Congestive Heart Failure: Causes, Types and Symptons Heart failure is caused by the heart not pumping as much blood as it should and the body does not get as much blood and oxygen that it needs. The malfunctioning of the heart chambers are due to damage caused by narrowed or blocked arteries leading to the muscle of your heart. This Heart failure can also be described based on which area of the heart isnt operating properly.2 types of heart failure. 1) Diastolic dysfunction: The contraction function is normal but theres impaired relaxation of the heart, impairing its ability to fill with blood causing the blood returning to the heart to accumulate in the lungs or veins. 2) Systolic dysfunction: The relaxing function is normal but theres impaired contraction of the heart causing the heart to pump pump out as much blood that is returned to it as normally does. As a result of more blood remaining in lower chambers of the heart Causes Any disorder that directly affects the heart can lead to heart failure, as can some disorders that indirectly affect the heart. Some disorders cause heart failure quickly; others do so only after many years. Some disorders cause systolic dysfunction, others cause diastolic dysfunction, and some disorders, such as high blood pressure and some heart valve disorders, can cause both types of dysfunction. Systolic Dysfunction: In many cases, a combination of factors results in heart failure. Coronary artery disease is a common cause of systolic dysfunction. It can impair large areas of heart muscle because it reduces the flow of oxygenirich blood to the heart muscle, which needs oxygen for normal contraction. Blockage of a coronary artery can cause a heart attack, which destroys an area of heart muscle. As a result, that area can no longer contract normally. Myocarditis (inflammation of heart muscle) caused by a bacterial, viral, or other infection can damage all or part of the heart muscle, impairing its pumping ability. Some drugs used to treat cancer and some toxins (such as alcohol) may also damage heart muscle. Some drugs, such as nonsteroidal antiiinflammatory drugs, may cause the body to retain fluid, which increases the workload of the heart and may precipitate heart failure. Heart valve disordersinarrowing (stenosis) of a valve, which hinders blood flow through the heart, or leakage of blood backward (regurgitation) through a valveican cause heart failure. Both stenosis and regurgitation of a valve can severely stress the heart, so that over time, the heart enlarges and cannot pump adequately. An abnormal connection (septal defectsi(see Birth Defects: Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects and Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Failure to CloseFigures) between the heart chambers can allow blood to recirculate within the heart, increasing the workload of the heart, and thus can cause heart failure. Disorders that affect the hearts electrical conduction system and produce prolonged changes in heart rhythms (especially if these are fast or irregular) can cause heart failure. When the heart beats abnormally, it cannot pump blood efficiently. Some lung disorders, such as pulmonary hypertension (see Pulmonary Hypertension), may alter or damage blood vessels in the lungs (pulmonary arteries). As a result, the right side of the heart has to work harder to pump blood into the lungs. The person may then develop cor pulmonale (see Cor Pulmonale: A Disorder Stemming From Pulmonary HypertensionSidebar), in which the right ventricle is enlarged and there is rightisided heart failure. Sudden, usually complete blockage of a pulmonary artery by several small blood clots or one very large clot (pulmonary embolism) also makes pumping blood into the pulmonary arteries difficult. A very large clot can be immediately life threatening. The increased effort required to pump blood into the blocked pulmonary arteries can cause the right side of the heart to enlarge and may cause the walls of the right ventricle to thicken, resulting in right sided heart failure. Disorders that indirectly affect the hearts pumping ability include a severe deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin (anemia), an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism), an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), and kidney failure. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which enables them to carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to body tissues. Anemia reduces the amount of oxygen the blood carries, so that the heart must work harder to provide the same amount of oxygen to tissues. (Anemia has many causes, including chronic bleeding due to a stomach ulcer.) An overactive thyroid gland overstimulates the heart, so that it pumps too rapidly and does not empty normally during each heartbeat. When the thyroid gland is underactive, levels of thyroid hormones are low. As a result, all muscles, including the heart, become weak because muscles depend on thyroid hormones to function normally. Kidney failure strains the heart because the kidneys cannot remove excess fluid from t he bloodstream, so the heart has a larger volume of blood to pump. Eventually, the heart cannot keep up, and heart failure develops Diastolic Dysfunction: Inadequately treated high blood pressure is the most common cause of diastolic dysfunction. High blood pressure stresses the heart because the heart must pump blood more forcefully than normal to eject blood into the arteries against the higher pressure. Eventually, the hearts walls thicken (hypertrophy), then stiffen. The stiff heart does not fill quickly or adequately, so that with each contraction, the heart pumps less blood than it normally does. Diabetes causes other changes that stiffen the walls of the ventricle. As people age, the hearts walls also tend to stiffen. The combination of high blood pressure and diabetes, which are common among older people, and ageirelated stiffening makes heart failure particularly common among older people. Heart failure may result from other disorders that cause the hearts walls to stiffen, such as infiltrations and infections. For example, in amyloidosis, amyloid, an unusual protein not normally present in the body, infiltrates many tissues in the body. If amyloid infiltrates the hearts walls, they stiffen, and heart failure results. In tropical countries, infiltration by certain parasites into heart muscle can cause heart failure, even in young people. Some heart valve disorders, such as aortic valve stenosis, hinder blood flow out of the heart. As a result, the heart muscle thickens and has to work harder, and diastolic dysfunction develops. Eventually, systolic dysfunction also develops. In constrictive pericarditis, the sac that envelops the heart (pericardium) stiffens, preventing even a healthy heart from pumping and filling normally. Types of Heart diseases affect the heart chambers include These are the heart diseases which leads to heart failures A) Pulmonary heart diseases B) Heart Disease affecting heart muscles C) Heart disease affecting heart valves D) Heart disease affecting coronary arteries and coronary veins E) Heart disease affecting heart lining F) Heart disease affecting electrical system G) Congenital heart disease A) Pulmonary heart disease Pulmonary heart disease is caused by an enlarged right ventricle. It is known as heart disease resulting from a lung disorder where the blood flowing into the lungs is slowed or blocked causing increased lung pressure. The right side of the heart has to pump harder to push against the increased pressure and this can lead to enlargement of the right ventricle In the case of heart diseases affecting heart muscles, the heart muscles are stiff, increasing the amount of pressure required to expand for blood to flow into the heart or the narrowing of the passage as a result of obstructing blood flow out of the heart. B) Heart diseases affecting heart muscles Cardiomyopathy Heart muscle becomes inflamed and doesnt work as well as it should. There may be multiple causes such as high blood pressure, heart valve disease, artery diseases or congenital heart defects. a) Dilated cardiomyopathy The heart cavity is enlarged and stretched. Blood flows more slowly through an enlarged heart, causing formation of blood clots as a result of clots sticking to the inner lining of the heart, breaking off the right ventricle into the pulmonary circulation in the lung or being dislodged and carried into the bodys circulation to form emboli . b) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy The wall between two ventricles becomes enlarged, obstructing blood flow from the left ventricle. Sometimes the thickened wall distorts one leaflet of the mitral valve, causing it to leak. The symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy include shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting and angina pectoris. c) Restrictive cardiomyopathy The ventricles become excessively rigid, harder to fill with blood between heartbeats. The symptoms of restrictive cardiomyopathy include shortness of breath, swollen hands and feet. Myocarditis Myocarditis is an inflammation of heart muscles or weakens of heart muscles. The symptoms of myocarditis include fever, chest pains, and congestive heart failure, palpitation. C) Heart disease affecting heart valves Heart diseases affecting heart valves occur when the mitral valve in the heart narrows, causing the heart to work harder to pump blood from the left atrium into left ventricle. Here are some types of heart disease affecting heart valves: a. Mitral Stenosis Mitral Stenosis is a heart valve disorder that involves a narrowing or blockage of the opening of mitral valve causing the volume and pressure of blood in left atrium increases. b. Mitral valves regurgitation Mitral regurgitation is the heart disease in which your hearts mitral valve doesnt close tightly causing the blood to be unable to move through the heart efficiently. Symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation are fatigue and shortness of breath. c. Mitral valves prolapsed In mitral valve prolapsed, one or both leaflets of the valve are too large resulting in uneven closure of the valve during each heartbeat. Symptoms of mitral valves prolapsed are palpitation, shortness of breath, dizzy, fatigue and chest pains. d. Aortic Stenosis With aging, protein collagen of valve leaflets are destroyed and calcium is deposited on the leaflets causing scarring, thickening, and stenosis is the valve therefore increasing the wear and tear on the valve leaflets resulting in the symptoms and heart problems of aortic stenosis. e. Aortic regurgitation Aortic regurgitation is the leaking of aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. Symptoms of aortic regurgitation include fatigue or weakness, shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitation and irregular heartbeats. F. Tricuspid stenosis Tricuspid stenosis is the narrowing of the orifice of the tricuspid valve of the heart causing increased resistance to blood flow through the valve. Symptoms of tricuspid stenosis include fatigue, enlarged liver, abdominal swelling, neck discomfort, leg and ankle swelling. g. Tricuspid regurgitation. Tricuspid regurgitation is the failure of the riht ventricular causing blood to leak back through the tricuspid valve from the riht ventricle into the riht atrium of the heart. Symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation include leg and ankle swelling, swelling in the abdomen. D. Heart disease affecting coronary arteries and coronary veins Heart disease affecting coronary arteries and coronary veins: The malfunctioning of the heart may be due to damage caused by narrowed or blocked arteries leading to the muscle of your heart as well as blood backing up in the veins. Types of heart disease that affect the coronary arteries and veins include Angina pectoris Angina pectoris occurs when the heart muscle doesnt get as much blood oxygen as it needs. Here are 3 types of angina pectoris: a) Stable angina Stable angina is chest pain or discomfort that typically occurs with activity or stress due to oxygen deficiency in the blood muscles usually follows a predictable pattern. Symptom of stable angina include chest pain, tightness, pressure, indigestion feeling and pain in the upper neck and arm. b) Unstable angina Unstable angina is caused by blockage of the blood flow to the heart. Without blood and the oxygen, part of the heart starts to die. Symptoms of unstable angina include pain spread down the left shoulder and arm to the back, jaw, neck, or riht arm, discomfort of chest and chest pressure. c) Variant angina aiso known as coronary artery spasm Caused by the narrowing of the coronary arteries. This is caused by the contraction of the smooth muscle tissue in the vessel walls. Symptoms of variant angina include increasing of heart rate, pressure and chest pain. Heart attacks known as myocardial infarction or MI Heart attacks caused by plaque rupture with thrombus formation in a coronary vessel, resulting in an acute reduction of blood supply to a portion of the myocardium. Symptoms of MI include a squeezing sensation of the chest, sweating, nausea, vomiting, upper back pain and arm pain. Heart disease aiso known as coronary artery disease or coronary heart disease Caused by arteries hardening, narrowing, cutting off blood flow to the heart muscle resulting in heart attack. Symptoms of heart disease include shortness of breath, chest pains on exertion, palpitation, dizziness and fainting. Atherosclerosis or hardening of arteries Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenirich blood to your heart and to other parts of your body. Atherosclerosis is caused by plaques that rupture in result of blood clots that block blood flow or break off and travel to another part of the body. Atherosclerosis has no symptom or warning sign. Silent ischemia. Ischemia is a condition in which the blood flow is restricted to a part of the body caused by narrowing of heart arteries. Siient ischemia means people have ischemia without pain. There is aiso no warning sign before heart attack. E) Heart disease affecting heart lining Rheumatic heart disease results from inflammation of the heart lining when too much fluid builds up in the lungs leading to pulmonary congestion. It is due to failure of the heart to remove fluid from the lung circulation resulting in shortness of breath, coughing up blood, pale skin and excessive sweating. Heart disease resulting from inflammation of either the endocardium or pericardium is called heart disease affecting heart lining. Endocardium is the inner layer of the heart. It consists of epithelial tissue and connective tissue. Pericardium is the fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart and the proximal ends of the aorta, vena valva and the pulmonary artery. a. Endocarditis Endocarditic, which is an inflammation of the endocardium is caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and settling on the inside of the heart, usually on the heart valves that consists of epithelial tissue and connective tissue. It is the most common heart disease in people who have a damaged, diseased, or artificial heart valve. Symptoms of endocarditis include fever, chilling, fatigue, aching joint muscles, night sweats, shortness of breath, change in temperature and a persistent cough. b. Pericardium Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium. It is caused by infection of the pericardium which is the thin, tough bagiiike membrane surrounding the heart. The pericardium aiso prevents the heart from over expanding when blood volume increases. Symptoms of pericarditis include chest pain, mild fever, weakness, fatigue, coughing, hiccups, and muscle aches. F) Heart disease affecting electrical system The electrical system within the heart is responsible for ensuring the heart beats correctly so that blood can be transported to the cells throughout our body. Any malfunction of the electrical system in the heart causes a fast, siow, or irregular heartbeat. The electrical system within the heart is responsible for ensuring that the heart beats correctly so that blood can be transported throughout our the body. Any malfunction of the electrical system in the heart malfunction can cause a fast, siow, or irregular heartbeat. Types of heart disease that affect the electrical system are known as arrhythmias. They can cause the heart to beat too fast, too siow, or irregularly. These types of heart disease include: a. Sinus tachycardia Sinus tachycardia occurs when the sinus rhythm is faster than 100 beats per minute therefore it increases myocardial oxygen demand and reduces coronary blood flow, thus precipitating an ischemia heart or valvular disease. b. Sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia occurs when a decrease of cardiac output results in regular but unusually siow heart beat less than 60 beats per minute. Symptoms of sinus bradycardia includes a feeling of weightlessness of the head, dizziness, low blood pressure, vertigo, and syncope. c. Atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation is an irregular heart rhythm that starts in the upper parts (atria) of the heart causing irregular beating between the atria and the lower parts (ventricles) of the heart. The lower parts may beat fast and without a regular rhythm. Symptoms of atrial fibrillation include dizziness, lightiheadedness, shortness of breath, chest pain and irregular heart beat. d. Atrial flutter Atrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm that occurs in the atria of the heart causing abnormalities and diseases of the heart. Symptoms of atrial flutter includes shortness of breath, chest pains, anxiety and palpitation. e. Supraventricular tachycardia Supraventricular tachycardia is described as rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles, or lower chambers of the heart causing a rapid pulse of 140i250 beats per minute. Symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia include palpitations, lightiheadedness, and chest pains. f. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is described as an occasional rapid heart rate. Symptoms can come on suddenly and may go away without treatment. They can last a few minutes or 1i2 days. g. Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia is described as a fast heart rhythm that originates in one of the ventricles of the heart . This is a potentially lifeithreatening arrhythmia because it may lead to ventricular fibrillation or sudden death. Symptoms of ventricular tachycardia include light headedness, dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath and chest pains. h. Ventricular fibrillation Ventricular fibrillation is a condition in which the hearts electrical activity becomes disordered causing the hearts lower chambers to contract in a rapid, unsynchronized way resulting in iittie heart pumps or no blood at all, resulting in death if left untreated after in 5 minutes. There are many heart diseases affecting electrical system such as premature arterial contractions, wolf parkinson, etc. G) Congenital heart disease There are several heart diseases that people are born with. Congenital heart diseases are caused by a persistence in the fetal connection between arterial and venous circulation. Congenital heart diseases affect any part of the heart such as heart muscle, valves, and blood vessels. Congenital heart disease refers to a problem with the hearts structure and function due to abnormal heart development before birth.Every year over 30,000 babies are born with some type of congenital heart defect in US alone. Congenital heart disease is responsible for more deaths in the first year of life than any other birth defects. Some congenital heart diseases can be treated with medication alone, whiie others require one or more surgeries. The causes of congenital heart diseases of newborns at birth may be in result from poorly controlled blood sugar levels in women having diabetes during pregnancy, some hereditary factors that play a role in congenital heart disease, excessive intake of alcohol and side affects of some drugs during pregnancy. Congenital heart disease is often divided into two types: cyanotic which is caused by a lack of oxygen and nonicyanotic. A. Cyanotic Cyanosis is a blue coloration of the skin due to a lack of oxygen generated in blood vessels near the skin surface. It occurs when the oxygen level in the arterial blood falls below 85i90%. The below lists are the most common of cyanotic congenital heart diseases: a) Tetralogy of fallot Tetralogy of fallot is a condition of several congenital defects that occur when the heart does not develop normally. It is the most common cynaotic heart defect and a common cause of blue baby syndrome. b) Transportation of the great vessels Transportation of the great vessels is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Transposition of the great vessels is a congenital heart defect in which the 2 major vessels that carry blood away from the aorta and the pulmonary artery of the heart are switched. Symptoms of transportation of the great vessels include blueness of the skin, shortness of breath and poor feeding. c) Tricuspid atresia In tricuspid atresia there is no tricuspid valve so no blood can flow from the riht atrium to the riht ventricle. Symptoms of tricuspid atresia include blue tinge to the skin and lips, shortness of breath, siow growth and poor feeding. d) Total anomalous pulmonary venous return Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is a rare congenital heart defect that causes cyanosis or blueness. Symptoms of total anomalous pulmonary venous return include poor feeding, poor growth, respiratory infections and blue skin. e)Truncus arteriosus Truncus arteriosus is characterized by a large ventricular septal defect over which a large, single great vessel arises. Symptoms of truncus arteriosus include blue coloring of the skin, poor feeding, poor growth and shortness of breath. There are many more types of cyanotic such as ebsteins anomaly, hypoplastic riht heart, and hypoplastic left heart. If you need more information please consult with your doctor. B. Nonicyanotic Nonicyanotic heart defects are more common because of higher survival rates. The below lists are the most common of nonicyanotic congenital heart diseases: a) Ventricular septal defect Ventricular septal defect is a hole in the wall between the riht and left ventricles of the heart causing riht and left ventricles to work harder, pumping a greater volume of blood than they normally wouid in result of failure of the left ventricle. Symptoms of ventricular septal defect include very fast heartbeats, sweating, poor feeding, poor weight gain and pallor. b) Atrial septal defect Atrial septal defect is a hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of your heart causing freshly oxygenated blood to flow from the left upper chamber of the heart into the riht upper chamber of the heart. Symptoms of atrial septal defect include shortness of breath, fatigue and heart palpitations or skipped beats. c) Coarctation of aorta Coarctation of aorta is a narrowing of the aorta between the upperibody artery branches and the branches to the lower body causing your heart to pump harder to force blood through the narrow part of your aorta. Symptoms of coarctation of aorta include pale skin, shortness of breath and heavy sweating. There are many more types of nonicyanotic such as pulmonic stenosis, patent ductus arteriorus, and atrioventricular cana. These problems may occur alone or together. Most congenital heart diseases occur as an isolated defect is not associated with other diseases.

Essay --

Isaac Newton: The Mathematician Sir Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, England. Isaac Newton was the most famous scientist in history. He was one of the most revolutionary, established, and influential physicist, philosopher and mathematician ever known. He was credited as one of the most brilliant minds of the 17th century scientific revolution. As Newton discoveries such as optics, motion and mathematics all together newton developed the principles of modern science. Born to a prosperous local farmer, also named Isaac Newton, who died three months after Newton was born. Newton was born as a premature baby who was feeble and weak and was told that he would not survive. At the age of 12, Newton attended Kings School in Grantham, where he stayed with a local apothecary and was then that newton was introduced into the fascinating world of chemistry. His mother pulled Newton out of school to become a farmer and not only Newton disliked being a farmer but he was also bad at being a farmer. He went back to Kings School to finish school. Once he finished, his u... Essay -- Isaac Newton: The Mathematician Sir Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, England. Isaac Newton was the most famous scientist in history. He was one of the most revolutionary, established, and influential physicist, philosopher and mathematician ever known. He was credited as one of the most brilliant minds of the 17th century scientific revolution. As Newton discoveries such as optics, motion and mathematics all together newton developed the principles of modern science. Born to a prosperous local farmer, also named Isaac Newton, who died three months after Newton was born. Newton was born as a premature baby who was feeble and weak and was told that he would not survive. At the age of 12, Newton attended Kings School in Grantham, where he stayed with a local apothecary and was then that newton was introduced into the fascinating world of chemistry. His mother pulled Newton out of school to become a farmer and not only Newton disliked being a farmer but he was also bad at being a farmer. He went back to Kings School to finish school. Once he finished, his u...

The Confucian Filial Obligation and Care for Aged Parents :: Asian Philosphy Chinese Research

The Confucian Filial Obligation and Care for Aged Parents ABSTRACT: Some moral philosophers in the West (e.g., Norman Daniels and Jane English) hold that adult children have no more moral obligation to support their elderly parents than does any other person in the society, no matter how much sacrifice their parents made for them or what misery their parents are presently suffering. This is because children do not ask to be brought into the world or to be adopted. Therefore, there is a "basic asymmetry between parental and the filial obligations." I argue against the Daniels/English thesis by employing the traditional Confucian view of the nature of filial obligation. On the basis of a distinction between 'moral duty' and 'moral responsibility' and the Confucian concept of justice, I argue that the filial obligation of adult children to care respectfully for their aged parents is not necessarily self-imposed. I conclude that due to the naturalistic character of the family, the nature of our familial obligations (such as parental caring for young children and adult children's respectful caring for aged parents) cannot be consensual, contractarian and voluntarist, but instead existential, communal and historical. Some moral philosophers in the West hold that adult children do not have any more moral obligation to support their elderly parents than does any other person in the society, no matter how much sacrifice their parents made for them in the past or what kinds of misery their parents are presently suffering. This is so, they claim, because children do not ask to be brought into this world or to be adopted. Thus, the traditional filial obligation of supporting and taking care of the aged is left as either the private responsibility of the elderly themselves or as a societal burden on the public. (1) For example, Norman Daniels argues that there is a "basic asymmetry between parental and the filial obligations" (Daniels, 1988, p.29). The parental obligation of caring for their young children, says Daniels, is a "self-imposed" duty, while the so-called children's obligation of caring for their aged parents is "non-self-imposed" and thus cannot be morally required. (2) In her famous essay, "What Do Grown Children Owe Their Parents," Jane English also claims that a favor done without it being requested or a voluntary sacrifice of one for another can only create "a friendly gesture" (Sommers & Sommers, 1993, pp. 758-765). It incurs neither an "owing" nor a moral obligation to reciprocate.

Houses: Shelter to the Physical and Emotional Well-Being

Sandra Cisneros’   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The House on Mango Street† is not just another coming-of-age story; it is also a story that has been written to conquer the personal difficulties of a Latina writer.  Ã‚   Being Latina, she does not have many â€Å"Chicano role models† (Klein 21), but she has strived to express herself in writing, nonetheless.   In the 1988 collection of fifty four vignettes, Cisneros makes the narrator, Esperanza, come alive through experiences ultimately caused by being poor, female, and a minority, while giving the house the title role as it encompasses the dreams of families from any race: having a home to call their own. It is Cisneros’ way of dealing with the issues she herself has faced as a Latina is through her perseverance that they do not remain mere issues (O'Malley 35), but full-blooded experiences of a girl named Esperanza.   In the short story with the same name, Cisneros focuses on the dream of acquiring a home.   Therefore, this coming-of-age short story emphasizes on the importance of the physical house to the emotional growth and identity of its residents. Esperanza relates the many times her family has to move from rented house or apartment to another:   â€Å"We didn’t always live on Mango Street.   Before that we lived on Loomis on the third floor and before that we lived on Keeler.   Before Keeler it was Paulina, and before that I can’t remember. But I remember most was moving a lot† (Cisneros 290). Mango Street is a change from all the moving because the family finally does â€Å"not have to pay rent†; the house is supposed to be theirs   (Cisneros 291). However, the house still has some disappointments in store for Esperanza and her family.   The house is not what Esperanza imagines a real house that they can proudly call their own to be. â€Å"In the United States in particular, the house is more than just shelter; it is a national institution almost as sacred as the American flag.   In home ownership, the American dream and the American way are manifest: the civic values of individualism, economic success and self-sufficiency are asserted† (Kaup 361). Esperanza and her family are striving to reach that American dream, to stop being substandard citizens who get to be asked disbelievingly by people â€Å"You live there?† (Cisneros 291).   According to Esperanza the way it was asked made her â€Å"feel like nothing†.     Ã‚  This is how sometimes people are judged by the house they live in.   The house also affects the psyche of its residents.   A clean, well-kept house may contribute to a clearer outlook while a house which reflects poverty can be a cause for shame, such as in the case of Esperanza and her family’s house on Mango Street (Klein 23). The short story â€Å"The House on Mango Street† may be very brief, but according to Thomas O’ Malley, an English teacher, he considers â€Å"Cisneros’ writing† as â€Å"poetry† and thinks that â€Å"her characters speak poetic dialogue† that has not been heard â€Å"since Shakespeare moved out of the hood (O'Malley 35). It is probably Cisneros’ identification with Esperanza’s experiences that make her write them vividly and with the right tone. She understands what Esperanza is going through, and she makes sure that she uses simple language as appropriate to that of a little girl’s. It is also important to note that like other Latin American writers, Sandra Cisneros emphasizes on the â€Å"reinvention† of the English language when put side by side with other languages (Wolf 61).   Esperanza is not just a little girl, she is also a bilingual girl therefore there are two reasons behind the use of simple language. The story being added to a curriculum may be questioned by some English Literature students (Romero and Zancanella 26), but studying the story is not a waste of time at all even for non-Latinos.   In fact, other students are curious about â€Å"the line between fiction and reality† in the short story, having known Sandra Cisneros’ somewhat similar background (O'Malley 37). It not only opens the eyes to the world of Latinos but also expresses the universal need to feel secure with both shelter and identity.   The house on Mango Street is not a useless location for the story; it develops a character of its own.  Ã‚   It is used as a symbol for a person’s status in life, and possibly the person’s emotional state. The House on Mango Street relates a story of poverty and of a family’s search for a home to call their own.   However, what makes this story worth reading is that although there are many trials for Esperanza’s family, their story ends with Esperanza thinking hopefully:   â€Å"I knew then that I had to have a house.   A real house. One I could point to.   But this isn’t it.   The house on Mango Street isn’t it. For the time being.   Mama says. Temporary, says Papa.   But I know how things go† (Cisneros 291).   The last sentence diminishes that hope but the desire to have a real house is already in Esperanza’s heart.   She has the desire to improve her family’s situation and she does not want to remain trapped in rented houses, or even houses like the house on Mango Street.   However, this does not mean that Esperanza does not recognize the irony in what her parents have promised. Rudolfo Anaya is another Chicano writer who, like Cisneros, creates â€Å"protagonists who, like themselves, have no models, but were possessed by destiny, by inclination and by courage (Klein 22)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to reach their goals.   He differs from Cisneros in his more active childhood and his stories which focus more on the development of a male protagonist. Related article: Arguments Made in Take the Tortillas Out of Your Poetry As a conclusion, â€Å"The House on Mango Street† is a story that does not only explore the development of a young girl called Esperanza, it also tells how the different houses she has lived in, including the house on Mango Street, contribute to her emotional growth and recognition of self-worth.   The house on Mango Street is not only present to provide a literal roof over the head of Esperanza’s family, it affects their very identity. Works Cited Cisneros, Sandra. â€Å"The House on Mango Street.† n.d. 290-291. Kaup, Monika. â€Å"The Architecture of Ethnicity in Chicano Literature.† American Literature,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vol. 69, no. 2 (June 1997): 361-397. Klein, Dianne. â€Å"Coming of Age in the Novels of Rudolfo Anaya and Sandra Cisneros.† The   Ã‚  Ã‚   English Journal Vol. 81, No. 5 (September 1992): 21-26. O’Malley, Thomas F. â€Å"A Ride Down Mango Street.† The English Journal Vol. 86, No. 8 (December 1997): 35-37. Romero, Patricia Ann and Don Zancanella. â€Å"Expanding the Circle: Hispanic Voices in American Literature.† The English Journal, Vol. 79, No. 1 (January 1990): 24-29. Wolf, Dennie Palmer. â€Å"Of Courses: The Pacesetter Initiative and the Need for Curriculum-Based School.† The English Journal, Vol. 84, No. 1 (January 1995): 60-68.      

Development of English Weapons Essay

hind end in history, charitable beings ingestion lookup by products such as craws, horns and puppet teeth as ordnance. As human being captureed, he started to engross axs do of stone as a weapon some(prenominal) for personal protection and for hunting. to a greater extent reading and civilisation light-emitting diode to the development of weapons such as the woody clubs, unformed stones for throwing at the enemies and spears for twain hunting and fighting. By whence, human beings call to make wooden spears for hunting and for attacking any achievable human foe.With time the fire set spear points were replaced with stone sagaciously ones which were much than effective than they precedents. Further development and civilization saw the development of bows and arrows to hunt and to snack bar attack an opposite (Davies, 1990, 67). By cd B. C, evolution of what can be termed as ahead applied science had enabled humans to develop a four strayed sling which was raddled by fit outed vaulting horses and to a greater extent effective go it came to making attacks or counter attacking an enemy than the primeval weapons previously utilise.However, ancient weapons to be apply by human being in their activities were qualitative value of the primitive weapons. In this context, conversion in array engineering arose as a result of improvement in techniques and materials utilise in creating prehistoric weapons. As technology began to improve, weapons utilise in wars also started to improve. For example, with the disc oery of the spooked wheel chariots drawn by horses became possible and engageful for transporting soldiers to and fro the fight ambit.Around 1300BC, use of spoke wheel chariots had heightened motionless ceased later on in the fourth century BC as humans began breeding horses that supported human slant and as cavalry replaced the military exponent that was used in fighting from chariots. In western world, the medie val period was super characterized by knights and rudimentary siege artillery unit with their purpose inclusive of negating the increased use of castles which proliferated almost of Europe and the neighboring East. The knights make use of variant weapons such as the pokes, the bow and the sword.First, the prod which came in various objectives was used gamely by the knights to bewilder into the weak sports of an enemys armour, to dough their throats when exploitation stealth or to bring down those enemies that came to the participation field un- armoured. In essence, the knife could be single cutting but many of them were usually double move on and unserrated. Today, knifes continue to be a study weapon used by soldiers both for fighting and other purposes. However, as irrelevant to knifes in the earliest times, most of knifes used by soldiers nowadays ar serrated. In particular, a knife forms one of the grassroots equipments for soldiers during any warfare.Seco ndly, the knights made use of swords which the like knifes were intentional either single edged or double edged. They also came in distinguishable sizes with some built heavily plenteous to be carried by altogether the strong men in the army. They were used in slashing the enemy or even killing them (http//atschool. eduweb. co. uk/sirrob make believech. suffolk/Portland%20State%20University%20Greek%20Civilization%20Home%20Page%20v2/DOCS/10/seanh1. htm. The design with which swords were supplied depended on the way in which they were mean to counter and kill the enemy.Some were spacious and others short while others were unsubtle enough to accommodate both hands and could get into virtually any type of armor. For example, the asshole was a long or broad sword with normal types of blades but with a heavy pommel or bunch at the bottom that was helpful for balance purposes and as a mace for bashing the well of an enemy. Further, the saber was useful for slashing and assid uous by cavalry to kill the enemy and in this eccentric person could penetrate the armor of an enemy while riding a horse at a high speed.Other weapons unremarkably used by the knights and the cavalry include the pole arms, spears and lances, axe and other blunt objects such as a hammer and a mace. For one, the mace came as a metal or wood stick about twelve inches long and with a leather loop-the-loop to save it from frying of the wrist while being used. The part used in striking the enemy was usually a sphere with spikes or angled blades designed to inflict injury on the enemy. Spears were wide-eyed weapons used for piercing the enemy both at close range or long range.They could nurture metal or wood heads and was useful while aiming at the weaker spots of the armor. It could also penetrate done the shields or mail given its duration and sharpness (Boardman, 1998, 45). Further, the handle of the spear was unremarkably designed to break off at once it peach the target to prevent the enemy from throwing it back. Pole arms came in different sizes and designs. They were used in piercing the armor of the enemy besides slicing or chopping through the enemy given its sharp and curved edges.It was useful while in a cavalry betrothal field due to the accompaniment that it could be used in chopping off the feet of a horse rode by an enemy thus improvised incapacitating him. While many of this weapons such as the mace and the hammer did non see the light of modern usage, they chill out presented a good and viable offset point for the development of more innovative weapons used by armies all over the world. In regard to the armor used during the medieval times, leather formed the outgrowth form of armor to be wear and used by human beings in the battle field.As weapons demonstrable and with the baring of metal, leather started to become obsolete and was replaced by plate and mail. These two were worn on various parts of the body to prevent a soldier from being cut by the enemy in the battle field (http//www. angelfire. com/wy/svenskildbiter/siege. hypertext markup language). As enlightenment hit the world, armors began to be worn together with undergarments and in truth to be tailored like suits so that a knight could be hit but be on his feet within seconds having sustained no injury.Today, the plates and the mails feel been fling paving way for bullet produce armors and other forms of denudation. For example, the tanks used by armies nearly the world and in Europe in particular are heavily armored vehicles used for transporting weapons and soldiers to the battle field as well as launching missiles from the resort of exceedingly armored walls. Despite this, the equal metals used in designing and producing plates and mails are the ones used in producing todays armored vehicles (U. S. Congress, 1995, 35). The knights developed from the earlier Calvary.On the other hand, siege artillery which were by then been used to b reach the walls of the castles led to many revolutionary advances including the use of poor boy powder and cannon use. It was not until the conversion period that the western world and most parts of the rest of the world started to use firearms in warfare. Human powered weapons were finally exiting battle fields and being replaced with more powerful mechanically powered weapons. This is commonly referred to as the age of riffles as riffles begun to be commonly used in the battle fields. Firearms were developed in large numbers and cannons to support them.Motor vehicles replaced the use of horses in the battlefield and escalation technology which involves the use of fortify aircrafts and armored vehicles developed. Firearms and cannons were designed to be fitted on these vehicles and aircrafts and were useful in attacking using long range missiles as is the case today. This saw the introduction of guns and rockets for use in the battle field. Guns and rockets were more efficient than their predecessors by the virtue of their design to store postal code in a combustible propellant like gun powder as opposed to springs and weight.They increasingly started to be used in 16th century and with modern ignition mechanisms remain in use to date. Based on these overbold developments, new technologies have such as railway car guns have risen over the days (http//www. angelfire. com/wy/svenskildbiter/siege. html). Later in the 19th century, fossil fuel powered steam engines replaced weather sheet power warship propulsion. In earlier times, bayonets were developed and which were used both as a pole-arm and as a knife but were later discarded with the discovery of rifled artillery which was by then being used in destroying masonry fortress.In essence, this discovery caused a huge revolution in the field of military and continues to fall todays arms development and war strategies (Blair, 1997, 56). Further, the era of World warfare II marked a major revolution in military technology with more sophisticated weapons been developed in line with the emerging technologies. peeled concepts and designs of weapons were developed in massive numbers and the animate technology improved to march with the military needs. For example, atomic bomb was developed close to this period.In essence, the end of World warfare II saw the institutionalization of weapons development as institutions and countries competed to develop unique weapons and counter weapons. In the western world, this constant development of weapons still continues to date (Collins, 1997, 87). In conclusion, despite the fact that weapons used during the medieval times have changed increasingly as compared to those used in recent times, these weapons formed the basis for developments of today world.The strategies employed during the medieval times were highly symbiotic on the kind of weapons in use. For example, the use of anchors to attack the enemy was dependent on the use of bows an d arrows. Still, with the discovery of gunpowder, use of cannons became prominent in blasting the walls of castles and in sinking the ships of the enemy. Todays weapons and strategies have their roots in the weapons and strategies employed during the earlier times with technology improvements and discoveries increasing the strong suit of weapons being produced.For example, computer guided weaponry and nuclear weapons have developed over recent years though the later is useless for small wars.Work CitedBlair Claude. European Armor c1066 to c1700. London Batsford Publishers, 1997, pp. 56 Boardman Andrew. The knightly Soldier in the Wars of the Roses. London Alan Sutton,1998, pp, 45 Collins McNamee. The Wars of the Bruces Scotland, England and Irelan. , London East Linton, 1997, pp. 87 Davies R. Domination and Conquest The Experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales. New York Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp.67 Organized Infantry. Retrieved on second January 2009 from http//atschoo l. eduweb. co. uk/sirrobhitch. suffolk/Portland%20State%20University%20Greek%20Civilization%20Home%20Page%20v2/DOCS/10/seanh1. htm U. S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. amend the prospects for future international peace operations workshop proceedings, Washington DC, US regimen Printing Office, 1995, pp. 35 Wyley Stephen, Siege Warfare. The imposture of Offense and Defense, 1989. Retrieved on 2nd January 2009 from http//www. angelfire. com/wy/svenskildbiter/siege. html